We thank Sebastien Gagneux for his critical comments on the manuscript. Different scenarios representing different human TB diagnostic approaches which include the sensitivity of the diagnostic tests and corresponding availability of therapy for individuals. This is an important step and often not done in human TB management in higher incidence areas owing to sheer volume of work and resource limitations. Mycobacterium bovis infection and tuberculosis in cattle. It can present as an overall slow deterioration in his health with no other obvious symptoms present. Furthermore, prior to becoming bacillus negative, TB cases can transmit the disease. Relevance of bovine tuberculosis research to the understanding of human For example, in the Hispanic community in the United States, zoonotic TB appeared to be a considerable proportion of all TB cases (Table 3) and was associated with the consumption of unpasteurized cheese from Mexico (812). Systematic molecular characterization of multidrug-resistant, [Epidemiology of resistance to antituberculosis drugs in, Uniting for Ukraine TB Screening Experience, Pulmonary Nontuberculous Mycobacteria, Canada, http://www.vri.cz/docs/vetmed/52-8-317.pdf, http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/1994/WHO_CDS_VPH_94.137.pdf, http://www.redalyc.org/pdf/423/42330303.pdf, Zoonotic Mycobacterium bovisinduced Tuberculosis in Humans, U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, Mller B, Drr S, Alonso S, Hattendorf J, Laisse C, Parsons S, et al. Theron G, Peter J, van Zyl-Smit R, Mishra H, Streicher E, Murray S, et al. Tuberculosis infection in animal and human populations in three districts of Western Gojam, Ethiopia. Humans often develop an infection in the chest and lungs or the kidneys, brain, or spine. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Wisconsin Department of Health Services, Wisconsin Department of Agriculture Trade and Consumer Protection, DHFS. (2014) 162:198202. Ideally, therefore, treated and cured individuals need follow up for at least 2 years (23) and their contacts should be investigated. Each circle represents a study with the circle diameter being proportional to Studies from Austria, Germany, Greece, and Spain included in this analysis identified M. caprae as a causative agent of zoonotic TB in addition to M. bovis (2326). Infection of red deer, cattle, and humans with, Evaluation of the GenoType MTBC assay for differentiating 120 clinical. Marais BJ, Hesseling AC, Schaaf HS, Gie RP, van Helden PD, Warren RM. If accessible, additional population estimates and official TB notifications were included in the database. http://www.dhs.wisconsin.gov/tb/index.htm. Bovine tuberculosis (TB) is a type of TB that can affect animals such as cattle and deer, and some exotic animals such as rhinoceros and non-human primates. Although TB does not have a vector, we can argue that a contaminated environment (soil, water) and multiple hosts may act as reservoirs for infection and therefore also need active management. Data obtained from eligible reports covered 5 of 6 WHO regions (Table 2; Technical Appendix 1 Table 3, Figure 1), namely Africa, the Americas, Europe, the Eastern Mediterranean and the Western Pacific. Only once such diagnostics strongly suggest bovine TB, necropsy, culture, and speciation is done to confirm bovine TB. Although ample data were obtained for many low-risk, high-income countries, the lack of nationwide surveys in potential high-risk settings precluded a credible estimation of the global occurrence of zoonotic TB. doi: 10.5588/ijtld.17.0485, Keywords: tuberculosis, Mycobacterium bovis, bovine TB, infectious diseases, zoonotic TB, Citation: Meiring C, van Helden PD and Goosen WJ (2018) TB Control in Humans and Animals in South Africa: A Perspective on Problems and Successes. O'Hagan MJ, Courcier EA, Drewe JA, Gordon AW, McNair J, Abernethy DA. In the case of livestock or wildlife, the difficulties involved in accessing animals for repeat testing or dealing with positive responders are familiar to state veterinarians. Ante mortem diagnosis of tuberculosis in cattle: a review of the tuberculin tests, gamma-interferon assay and other ancillary diagnostic techniques. The Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) species includes both M. tuberculosis, the primary cause of human tuberculosis (TB), and M. bovis, the primary cause of bovine tuberculosis (bTB), as well as other closely related Mycobacterium species. We still have an inadequate understanding of TB transmission, although we know that aerosol transmission is one of the main sources for humans, and most likely also bovis. This brochure describes Mycobacterium bovis (bovine tuberculosis) in humans and in cattle. Relevance of bovine tuberculosis research to the understanding of human disease: historical perspectives, approaches, and immunologic mechanisms Vet Immunol Immunopathol. Wildlife Reservoirs of Bovine Tuberculosis Worldwide: Hosts, 200 Pathology, Surveillance, and Control. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. One of the key elements envisaged for successful TB control remains the goal of a point-of-care (PoC) diagnostic test, the value of which is illustrated by scenarios (Figure 1): we highlight firstly the South African human TB diagnostic program prior to 2011, which required three sputum samples from a client on different days over a week. (2006) 10:81822. How is this disease spread? Stable systems require a healthy society, a healthy economy and a healthy environment. For 15 randomly selected reports of the 140 eligible records and additional data cited by or referring to these records, data extraction was performed independently by the 3 operators. doi: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2014.10.008, 16. A cornerstone of bovine TB control is movement restriction of animals. Privacy Policy (2017) 140:11621. Policies & Disclaimers, Terms of Use However, it may be that such biomarkers discovered for human TB diagnosis, may be applicable to bovine TB. Using past and cured patients to propagate the message through their own experiences can be quite effective at community level. Bovine tuberculosis (TB) is a contagious, infectious, communicable disease of animals and humans caused by . Dont reinvent the wheel another HIV prevention professional already created. Human versus Bovine Tuberculosis: Koch's Assumptions. Mycobacterium bovis cases reported in South Africa from 2000 to 2018 (Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries: http://www.daff.gov.za/daffweb3/Branches/Agricultural-Production-Health-Food-Safety/Animal-Health/Epidemiology). No assessment of the global consequences of zoonotic TB has yet been done. Eligible records (written in English, French, German, Spanish, or Portuguese) reported data for at least 50 persons tested on the frequency (prevalence, incidence) or death rate of putative zoonotic TB and contained data from no earlier than 1990. Therefore, in veterinary medicine, the approach taken thus far has been wise, i.e., if any test is positive, take action. The objective of this study was to determine the frequency of TB in individuals with occupational exposure to cattle and to detect Mycobacterium bovis among cattle in . Since then, several studies of zoonotic TB in different parts of the world have been published, enabling a more detailed evaluation of the current importance of the disease. All publications/reportsdocumented in the various databasesand published until March 2010 wereconsidered (Table 1; Technical Appendix 1, 2). Message not sent. Thus, TB cases caused by M. bovis may be systematically underreported. Each circle represents a study with the One study from the Suez Canal region of Egypt reported a rate of 2.2% (95% CI 0.1%11.8%) for pulmonary TB cases caused by M. bovis (30). Ann W. Latner, JD. Innovation is crucial for TB control and prevention. (2006) 81:190210. Skuce RA, Allen AR, McDowell SWJ. The assumptions used include maximum coverage, no imported infections due to travel and migration, and application of an additional 4% annual decrease. M. bovis is treated similarly to M. tuberculosis. The basic clinical principle applies: complete the course of treatment. The remaining records were randomly assigned to one of the 3 operators for data extraction. Field application of immunoassays for the detection of Mycobacterium bovis infection in the African buffalo (Syncerus caffer). A list of all identified 1,203 potentially relevant reports and the core dataset is available as supplemental material (. Many species of wildlife can be infected with M. bovis. Mycobacterium bovis (M. bovis) is another mycobacterium that can cause TB disease in people. The latest estimates (2014) from WHO are that 1.7 billion humans were latently infected by M. tuberculosis (28). Reports published after the completion of this systematic review revealed information from countries not covered by this study. For this reason, many organizations tasked with human health care such as WHO (World Health Organization), The Union (International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease), and MSF (Mdecins Sans Frontires), start their campaigns with generating awareness. Similarly, the prevalence of bovine TB caused by Mycobacterium bovis (M. bovis), varies significantly across regions, although unlike for M. tuberculosis, data are sparse. Figure 1. (2016) 63:64757. Looking for a place to discuss TB best practices, resources, and challenges? doi: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2017.03.007, 31. de la Rua-Domenech R, Goodchild AT, Vordermeier HM, Hewinson RG, Christiansen KH, Clifton-Hadley RS. 22. However, there is little awareness of bovine TB. In general, there has not been much media attention, there is no large or even small-scale campaign, no rallying cry, no catch phrases, and essentially it is left to private and state veterinarians and technicians to work with farmers as they see fit. Therefore, in low-income countries, facilities to identify the causative agent of TB are largely absent (2,3,7). It is often possible to mitigate against these risks for livestock. Advances in human TB treatment. Bovine Tuberculosis - Fact Sheet - Canadian Food Inspection Agency 5:298. doi: 10.3389/fvets.2018.00298. A study including data from 41 states of the United States suggested that 90% of all TB cases caused by M. bovis affect persons of Hispanic ethnicity (8). 38. WHO (2017). This work was partially funded by WHO. Globally, most cases of zoonotic TB are caused by M. bovis, and cattle are the major reservoir (2,3). Young cancer survivors at increased risk for depression, anxiety - STAT Transbound Emerg Dis. Transmission of tuberculosis in a high incidence urban community in South Africa. *Correspondence: Christina Meiring, cmeiring@sun.ac.za, Bovine Tuberculosis International Perspectives on Epidemiology and Management, View all Introduction. In another hospital-based study in Germany, 4 M. bovis cases were identified among 19 TB cases with molecular speciation results, 2 of which probably represented disease caused by the treatment of urothelial carcinoma with M. bovis BCG (28). (2012) 2012:621210. doi: 10.1155/2012/621210, 6. No similar quantitative care cascade loss studies have been done in veterinary medicine in South Africa and thus information is anecdotal. Potential of rapid diagnosis for controlling drug-susceptible and drug-resistant tuberculosis in communities where Mycobacterium tuberculosis infections are highly prevalent. For example, a study in a very high incidence area showed that only a small proportion of human TB cases result from household contact (24, 25). And Robert Koch identified the causative agent of the disease - a group of pathogenic microorganisms, which later became known as Koch's wand. What is Mycobacterium bovis? SU Language Centre, editor. Division of Tuberculosis Elimination For example, disease in the lungs can be associated with a cough, and gastrointestinal disease can cause abdominal pain and diarrhea. doi: 10.1128/CVI.00324-15, 18. van der Heijden EM, Jenkins AO, Cooper DV, Rutten VPMG, Michel AL. Bovine Tuberculosis | Cornell Wildlife Health Lab Please use the form below to submit correspondence to the authors or contact them at the following address: Corresponding address: Borna Mller, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Medical Parisitology and Infection Biology, Socinstrasse 57 , Basel 4002, Switzerland. The standard treatment for TB in humans is antibiotic therapy (22), which with the exception of animals in captivity is not feasible in animals. Important! Warren RM, Gey van Pittius NC, Barnard M, Hesseling A, Engelke E, de Kock M, et al. USDA APHIS | Tuberculosis There is evidence to suggest that zoonotic TB accounted for a significant proportion of the TB cases in the Western world before the introduction of regular milk pasteurization programs (6,7). 23. Each circle represents a study with the circle diameter being proportional to A median of 0.3% (range 0%33.9%) of M. bovis infections among human TB cases was found for all reports included. It is commonly a chronic, debilitating disease but occasionally may assume an acute, rapidly progressive course. If this is not the case, then perhaps we can learn from one initiative started in South Africa recently to try to improve TB control.
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